marina

thank you

thank you

اهلا بيكى فى المنتدى ام زهوة ان شاء الله تلاقى كل تعاون ومرحبا بيك مرة اخرى

thank you

http://ou.cu.edu.eg/NewsDetails.aspx?NewNumber=350

مقترحات والشكاوي - بناء على مقترحات الطلاب تم إنشاء بريد "مقترحات والشكاوي" الخاص بمدير المركز مباشرة وسيتم الرد خلال 48 ساعة على الأكثر: [email=Director_oucu@(( ممنوع وضع البريد الالكتروني )).com]Director_oucu(( ممنوع وضع البريد الالكتروني ))[/email] بناء على شكاوي الطلاب من وجود مشاكل عند تشغيل المحاضرات التلفزيونية .exe على نظام vista. الحل : المقترح من قبل الفنيين: يرجى تشغيل المحاضرات على أي نظام تشغيل windows آخر فيماعدا نظام vista.

يا مارسيل ياحبيتى اقرا الموضوع كويس وطلعى الكلمات الجديدة اعرفى معناها وشوف الافكار الرئسية للموضوع اوك واهم حاجة انك تحفظى الكلمات الا فى الكتاب وتعرفى معناها للعلم مش مهم تحفظيها كتابة لان هى حتجى مكتوبة اعرفى معناها بالعربى كويس وحاولى تحطها فى جمل من عندك اسهل

بتحضر الاوراق المطلوبة منك وتبعتها على البريد

دا لينك العربى مرة اخرى mediafire.com ?h9gj960mh8d49d9

لا يبقى لسة مخلصيش الترجمة لان فى مراجعة نهائية باسم الدكتورة عاملة وانا رفعتة ضمن اللينك اللى انا رفعتة لوحدة قبل كدة فى مساهمةلوحدها وحتلاقية عندك ضمن التطبيقات ومكتوب علية اسمها دا المقرر الكمبهنش ايوة لكن لابد تعرف انك تحفظى الكلمات اللى موجودة على مواضيع الكمبهنشن وتعرفى تحطها فى جمل لان دا عليها سوال فى االامتحان

اهلا بيكى سوسن محاضرات الاسابيع السابقة من مادة مناقشة واستماع المحاضرات التلاتة اللى فاتوا الترم الخامس المحاضرة الاولى مناقشة واستماع قالت كلام مالهوش لازمة تعريف بالمادة المحاضرة الثانية تدريبات ع الاستماع والمناقشه E دكتورة عبير قالت ان الكتاب ملوش لازم وان الامتحان بنسبة 75% من التطبيقات بتاعتها وقالت ان من الافضل اننا نقرا المحاضرات لانها مهمه برضه واتكلمت عن الوضع الحالى فى البلد واننا المرة الجايه هنتكلم عن حاجه حصلت خلال الاسبوع ده المحاضرة الثالثة د عبير عمر ... تدريبات على الاستماع والمناقشه انجليزى الدكتورة عرضت فيديوهات (We can change the world - Life vest inside ) نقدر نلاقيهم ع اليوتيوب ( ملهمش علاقه بالمنهج ) وأكدت ان التطبيقات هى 80% من الامتحان اما ال ( UNSEEN) هيكونو سؤالين عليهم 7 درجات الاول هيكون imagine a dialogue والتانى هيكون Write your opinion * الماده دى سهله جدااااااا لو اى حد شاف التطبيقات هيلاقيها زى everyday language ومن السهل جداا اننا نعتمد على نفسنا فى البيت فيها منقول

الثقافية 125 , الترجمة 124 , العربي 121 ... المنهج كامل (مختصر - مرتب - منسق) وفقًا للدفعة السابقة من الترم الثاني ... mediafire.com /download.php?h9gj960mh8d49d9 mediafire.com download.php?3luggrto7yf5ygz mediafire.com download.php?lphbi058apwa4ep منقول

محاضرات ترم تالت فى الترجمة الدكتورة شرحت قطعة من عربى لانجلش بعنوان دعم التعاون الاقتصادى الثنائى مع وزراء خارجية اربع دول افريقية وفى العربى الدكتور شرح علامات الاعراب الاصلية فى كل حالاتها وكان ها يبدا فى درس الامام محمد عبده بس المحاضرة خلصت --- وعلى فكرة كان هايشرح النص ده من الكتاب على فكرة قطعة الترجمة موجودة فى المحاضرة التانية ع النت هاتلاقيها المحاضرة الاولى فى الترجمة شرحت شرحت قطعة عن انفلوانزا الطيور وتشابه اعراضها مع الانفلوانزا العادية ودى موجودة فى التطبيقات والمحاضرات منقول

محاضرات ترم تانى الدكتورة شرحت فى الثقافية 3 يونت الاولى و الكومبريهنشن مااديتش ورق وحلت صفحة 17 و 23 و 27 38 49 55 الجرامر ماجتيش منقول

محاضرات ترم تانى الدكتورة شرحت فى الثقافية 3 يونت الاولى و الكومبريهنشن مااديتش ورق وحلت صفحة 17 و 23 و 27 38 49 55 الجرامر ماجتيش منقول

اعتقد أن الطلبة المصريين المنتسبين للتعليم المفتوح والمقيمون بالدول العربية ومنها الامارات ، هذا الامر لن ينطبق عليهم لانهم غير مواطنون ، وبالنسبة للمواطنون منتسبي التعليم المفتوح الله يكون فى عونهم . و بالنسبة لنقابة المحامين وشروطها المجحفة لابد من وقفة معها، والله يكون فى عون الطلبة وكفاحهم ضد هذه النقابة .

الطلبة السنتين اللى فات من 2009 ودخلوا التعليم المفتوح واصبحوا منهم من هم من تانية او تالتة او اولى كلية صعب انهم يحولوا حيكملوا تعليم مفتوح لسبب بسيط لانهم وقت مادخلوا الكليات دا مجمعيهم حتى بالانتساب لا تناسب هذة الكليات الادخلوها عن طريق التعليم المفتوح زى اعلام اعلام مفهاش اصلا انتساب وبعض فروع الاداب اللغات زى الاسبانى واللغات الاخرى وليس الانجليزى او الفرنسى هم يقصدوا الدفعات الجديدة اما الا دخل تعليم مفتوح خلاص يكمل فية لانة صعب انة يحويل لاختلاف المواد ولعدم احقية هولاء الطلبة فى الانتساب لهذة الكليات لان فى كليات اصلا عمرها ما حتنزل انتساب

الامتحانات بتعقد فى مكان بتعقاد علية المركز مع الدول دا اللى الطلبة فيها اما الدراسة من خلال النت لان بيكون لك صفحتك الدراسية لما بتسجل عليها محاضرات مكتوبة ومحاضرات تليفزيونية بالاضافة للكتب وبتاخد cd خاصة بكل مادة عليها محاضرتين او 3 وباقى المحاضرات تقدر تحملة من النت من صفحتك بالاضافة ايضا لان المحاضرات التلفزيونية بتتذاع على قناة للتعليم المفتوح خاصة بالمركز على النايل سات وممكن تحضرها وتسجلها من الدش

اهلا بيك فى المنتدى للعلم مفيش اى حاجة حتغنيك عن صفحتك الدراسية او المادة العلمية الخاصة بصفحتك دا لينك ممكن يساعد فقط ثقافية 2 /t3410-topic /t6084-topic ثقافية 2 المحاضرات السبعة بتطبقتهم السبعة مقررة عربى من خلال النصوص ودا تذاكر نحو عادى من المحاضرة الاولى حتى التاسعة /t3421-topic والمحاضرة العاشرة والحادية عشر ملغية اما النصوص ملغية اما جرايمر ترم اول ارجع للحلقة الدراسية ترم اللى فات جايز تساعدك لان الدكتورة جديدة وترم اول الترم اللى فات ممكن حلقتهم الدراسية تساعدك /t5382-topic /t4522-topic

ياريت يامريم تارنى المكتوب دا بالملزمة اللى عندك

اختصار اسئلة الفريد نوبل

قطعة النوم …………………………………………………………………………………. sleep Sleep is a natural body function during which we are relatively unconscious and the muscles that we normally control are relaxed. The result of sleep is refreshment of the nervous system (including the brain) and of the muscles. As we grow up, our bodies normally require less sleep. Infants require from 12 to 14 hours, while adults may require from 6 to 8 hours. When we have persistent difficulty in falling asleep, clock watching should be avoided. Sometimes, very slow and deep breathing can encourage sleep. It can be helpful to get out of bed and do a quiet activity that is relaxing. This might be reading or writing, for example. Remaining in bed while you cannot sleep is usually not helpful. We can also promote better sleep on our own by changing our diets and by altering our lifestyles. People with difficult sleeping, "insomnia", should avoid caffeine. Caffeine is in coffee, and it is also a component of tea and cola drinks. Alcohol should also be avoided because it can disturb the last phases of sleep. A light snack before bedtime sometimes can promote sleep. The reverse is also true: hunger has the effect of making sleep difficult. When we are having trouble sleeping at night, we should not take naps during the day. On the contrary, it can be beneficial to exercise regularly. 1- Define sleep. Sleep is a natural body function. When we sleep, our muscles are relaxed and our bodies are relatively unconscious. Sleep makes us feel refreshed; this means that the nervous system (including the brain) and the muscles are refreshed. 2- What is the physical effect (i.e. the effect on the body) of sleep on man? The physical effect of sleep on man is that one feels refreshed; this means that the nervous system (including the brain) and the muscles are refreshed and relaxed. 3- How many hours of sleep do infants need? How many hours of sleep do adults need? Infants need from 12 to 14 hours of sleep, while adults need 6 to 8 hours of sleep each day. 4- According to the passage, what should people do in order to sleep well? (Mention 2 points only) In order to sleep well, people should exercise regularly, and practise relaxing activities like reading and writing. Moreover, they should change their life styles to include better food diets, and avoid drinking caffeine drinks such as coffee and tea because these drinks affect sleep. People should also avoid alcohol because it disturbs sleep phases. Sometimes, taking a light snack before sleep helps one to sleep better. In addition, people should not take naps during the day because it stops people from sleeping well at night. 5- What is the medical term for "difficult sleeping?" The medical term for "difficult sleeping is "insomnia

ودا بردوة نفس قطعة النوم والفلنتين Like many other holidays, Valentine’s Day is thought to be of American origin; but—like many other holidays—it is not. In ancient Rome, people celebrated a similar holiday in the middle of February. It was Lupercalia, the festival of fertility. This date, in fact, is the only connection between the festival and the martyr St. Valentine, a Roman priest from the 3rd century. Valentine lived during the reign of Emperor Claudius II, who did not allow his soldiers to get married. Claudius believed that married soldiers would not make a good army. So, when he found out that Valentine married young couples secretly, he had the priest arrested and sentenced to death. Valentine’s Day has become the festival of love—lovers surprise each other with little presents, flowers or a romantic dinner by candlelight. Sending special greeting cards on that day is also very popular. Valentines, as these cards are called, are sent to loved ones or even to secret lovers in order to win their hearts. If the sender doesn’t want to be recognized, the card is signed «Your Valentine». 1- What is the origin of Valentine’s Day? The origin of Valentine’s Day is Lupercalia, the Roman festival of fertility celebrated in the middle of February. 2- When is Valentine’s Day celebrated? It is celebrated in the middle of February. 3- Why did Emperor Claudius II refuse to let his soldiers marry? Emperor Claudius II refused to let his soldiers marry because he believed that married soldiers would not make a good army. 4- How did Emperor Claudius II punish St. Valentine? Why? He had St. Valentine arrested and sentenced to death because he found out that St. Valentine married young couples secretly. 5- Provide a suitable title for the passage. A suitable title for this story could be: Valentine's Day. OR The festival of love. OR The origin of Valentine's Day. B) Read the following passage and answer the questions below: Sleep is a natural body function during which we are relatively unconscious and the muscles that we normally control are relaxed. The result of sleep is refreshment of the nervous system (including the brain) and of the muscles. As we grow up, our bodies normally require less sleep. Infants require from 12 to 14 hours, while adults may require from 6 to 8 hours. When we have persistent difficulty in falling asleep, clock watching should be avoided. Sometimes, very slow and deep breathing can encourage sleep. It can be helpful to get out of bed and do a quiet activity that is relaxing. This might be reading or writing, for example. Remaining in bed while you cannot sleep is usually not helpful. We can also promote better sleep on our own by changing our diets and by altering our lifestyles. People with difficult sleeping, "insomnia", should avoid caffeine. Caffeine is in coffee, and it is also a component of tea and cola drinks. Alcohol should also be avoided because it can disturb the last phases of sleep. A light snack before bedtime sometimes can promote sleep. The reverse is also true: hunger has the effect of making sleep difficult. When we are having trouble sleeping at night, we should not take naps during the day. On the contrary, it can be beneficial to exercise regularly. 1- Define sleep. Sleep is a natural body function. When we sleep, our muscles are relaxed and our bodies are relatively unconscious. Sleep makes us feel refreshed; this means that the nervous system (including the brain) and the muscles are refreshed. 2- What is the physical effect (i.e. the effect on the body) of sleep on man? The physical effect of sleep on man is that one feels refreshed; this means that the nervous system (including the brain) and the muscles are refreshed and relaxed. 3- How many hours of sleep do infants need? How many hours of sleep do adults need? Infants need from 12 to 14 hours of sleep, while adults need 6 to 8 hours of sleep each day. 4- According to the passage, what should people do in order to sleep well? (Mention 2 points only) In order to sleep well, people should exercise regularly, and practise relaxing activities like reading and writing. Moreover, they should change their life styles to include better food diets, and avoid drinking caffeine drinks such as coffee and tea because these drinks affect sleep. People should also avoid alcohol because it disturbs sleep phases. Sometimes, taking a light snack before sleep helps one to sleep better. In addition, people should not take naps during the day because it stops people from sleeping well at night. 5- What is the medical term for "difficult sleeping?" The medical term for "difficult sleeping is "insomnia".

قطعة التلفزيون والفريد نوبل Revision Read the following passage and answer the questions below: As a result of technological progress, many people in the world already have, or will soon have, access to many more TV channels than in the past. There are now three ways in which TV programmes can reach your home, compared with the one way which existed until a few years ago: 1. Most of the TV channels in the world operate in the traditional way: national public or commercial TV stations use transmitters to send UHF (ultra high frequency) signals round the country. The aerials on our roofs receive these singles and pass them to our TV sets. Simple, and very similar to the way radio broadcasts work. 2. Some international TV channels use satellites in space. Programmes are transmitted up to the satellite, which then re-transmits them to a wide geographical area. If you have a special satellite dish aerial on your roof, you can receive these signals – though usually you have to pay for a signal-decoder. In these ways, people can watch TV programmes transmitted on the other side of the hemisphere. 3. In many countries, and especially in the US, there is a third system which transmits programmes from studios or from satellites through a cable system. You pay a subscription for each channel that you receive, and the signals are transmitted to your home through underground fibre-optic cables. The advantage is that there is much less interference, and, if you want to, you can pay to receive many, many channels. 1-What is the main idea of the passage? 2-What is the traditional way of receiving channels? 3-Provide a title to the passage. 4-What is your favourite T.V. programme? Why? 5-Put the following words in sentences of your own: transmission - underground – subscription Answers: 1-The main idea of the passage is that, as a result of technological progress,many people in the world already have, or will soon have, access to many more TV channels than in the past. This is because there are now three ways in which TV programmes can reach your home, compared with the one way which existed until a few years ago. 2-The traditional way of receiving channels is that national public or commercial TV stations use transmitters to send UHF (ultra high frequency) signals round the country. The aerials on our roofs receive these singles and pass them to our TV sets. Simple, and very similar to the way radio broadcasts work. 3-The title could be: "T.V. and technology". 4- Left for the student. 5-transmission: The ways in which TV programmes can reach your home have greatly changed. Underground: Electricity is carried through underground wires. Subscription: You need to pay a subscription to receive some T.V. channels. Many countries want to earn foreign currency, so they try to attract visitors from other countries. These visitors, often called tourists, spend money in the countries they visit: they have to pay for hotel rooms and meals, tours to places of interest; and all the things they buy to take home with them. Most tourists want to know a number of things before they decide to visit a foreign country. First, is the country safe? They want to feel that they can walk in the streets without being robbed. Second, and for many tourists of equal importance, they want to know if it is a healthy country. Tourists from many countries are used to clean water, clean streets and clean food. They do not want to risk catching a disease because the country they are visiting is not very clean or because it has insects that carry disease. Third, they want to know if there will be interesting things to see and do. Countries that attract the most tourists often do so because of their history. These countries have plenty of interesting places for tourists to visit. Fourth, tourists want to be sure that they will get value for money. Most tourists are not rich – they are ordinary people who have just enough money to have a holiday in a foreign country. They do not want to pay too much for hotels, food and drink. Fifth, tourists want to be understood. This means that there must be enough people in the tourist industry who speak English. This is not because most tourists are English: it is because English is the language people use when talking to someone whose own language they do not know. Finally, tourists do not want to deal with impolite people. If the people of the country they are visiting are rude, then even if that country is beautiful, rich in history, clean and healthy, and not expensive, many people will not visit it. This is because tourists want to be happy on holiday, and rudeness makes them unhappy. 1-Why do many countries want to attract tourists to visit them? 2-Name two things tourists spend their money on. 3-What are tourists often frightened of in the foreign countries they visit? 4-Why do most people want tourist guides who can speak English? 5-If you are visiting a foreign country, what is the most important thing for you to find in that country? Why? Answers: 1-Many countries want to attract tourists to visit them because these countries want to earn foreign currency. 2-Tourists spend money on hotel rooms and meals, tours to places of interest; and all the things they buy to take home with them. 3-Tourists are often frightened of being robbed and of catching a disease because the country they are visiting is not very clean or because it has insects that carry disease. 4-Most people want tourist guides who can speak English because English is the language people use when talking to someone whose own language they do not know. 5- If I am visiting a foreign country, the most important thing for me to find in that country is safety and hospitality because these two factors are responsible for making one's holiday enjoyable and comfortable. Without feeling secure and welcome in the country you are visiting, you can never enjoy your holiday. Revision I) Read the following passage and answer the questions below: Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but he became a millionaire; a scientist with a love for literature; an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although he was cheerful in company, he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or a family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but he saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure people. During his useful life, he often felt that he was useless. World-famous for his inventions, he was never personally well-known, for throughout his life, he avoided publicity, but since his death, his name has brought fame and glory to others. In fact, Nobel's main concern was never with making money, or even with making scientific discoveries. He was always searching for a meaning to life, and, from his youth, he had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. Perhaps because he could not find ordinary human love, he came to care deeply about the whole of mankind. He was always generous to the poor. His greatest wish was to see an end to wars and, thus, peace between nations. He spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding achievements in physics, medicine, literature, and peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. Vocabulary Swedish سويدي Inventor مخترع Industrialist رجل صناعة Contrasts متناقضات Bankrupt مفلس Millionaire مليونير Scientist عالم Literature الأدب Managed نجح Remain بقى Idealist مثالى Fortune ثروة Simple بسيط Cheerful مرح Company الصحبة Sad حزين private عزلة Mankind الجنس البشرى Patriotic وطنى Native land الوطن الأم Foreign أجنبى Soil تراب Invented اخترع Explosive متفجرات Dynamite الديناميت Improve يحسن/ يطور Peacetime وقت السلم Industries صناعات Mining التعدين Road building بناء / شق الطرق Weapon سلاح Injure يصيب Useless بلا فائدة Famous مشهور Well-known معروف Throughout علي مدي / طوال Avoided تجنب Publicity الدعاية Fame الشهرة Glory المجد Main أساسى / رئيسى Concern انشغال Discoveries اكتشافات Youth شباب Serious جاد Interest اهتمام Philosophy فلسفة Care عناية Deeply بعمق Generous كريم Wish أمنية Nations الأمم Cause قضية Will وصية Provide يقدم Prizes جوائز Outstanding بارز/ مميز Physics الفيزياء Chemistry الكيمياء Medicine الطب Memorial تذكار Ideals مثاليات Questions 1- What is the main idea of the first paragraph? The main idea of the first paragraph is that Alfred Nobel was a man of contrasts. 2- What nationality was Alfred Nobel? Alfred Nobel was Swedish. 3- Why was Nobel considered يعتبر3- a man of many contrasts? Nobel was considered a man of many contrasts because his life and character contained احتوت many contradictions. متناقضات For example, he became a millionaire although his father was a bankrupt. Also, he was a scientist who loved literature. He was cheerful with others, but sad alone. 4- What did Nobel invent? He invented a new explosive, dynamite. 5- What was this invention meant to improve? It was meant to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building. 6- What was it actually used for? It was actually used as weapon of war to kill and injure people. 7- What is the main idea of the second paragraph? The main idea of the second paragraph is Nobel's character and interests. 8- What was Nobel always searching for? He was always searching for a meaning to life. 9- What was he seriously interested in since his youth? Since his youth, he was seriously interested in literature and philosophy. 10- What was Nobel's greatest wish? His greatest wish was to see an end to wars and, thus, peace between countries. 11- When did Nobel die? Nobel died in 1896. 12- How has Nobel's name brought fame and glory to others after his death? After his death, name brought fame and glory to others who were awarded منحوا Nobel Prizes. 13- Name two Egyptian figures شخصيتين who were awarded Nobel Prizes. Among those who were awarded Nobel Prizes were Naguib Mahfouz, Ahmed Zoweil, and President Anwar El Sadat. 14- Use each of the following words in a sentence of your own. inventors – fame – concern – outstanding ٭Inventors help to improve our life and make it easier. ٭Most artists are anxious for fame. ٭Her concern for others has won her the love of everyone around her. ٭Shakespeare was an outstanding writer. Revision I) Read the following passage and answer the questions below: The Geneva Conventions comprise rules that apply in times of armed conflict. They seek to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in war: for example, wounded or sick fighters, prisoners of war, civilians, medical and religious personnel. The Geneva Conventions consist of four treaties and three additional protocols that set the standards in international law for humanitarian treatment of the victims of war. However, the term Geneva Conventions refers to the agreements of 1949, negotiated after of World War II, that include articles defining the basic rights of those captured during a military conflict, means of providing protection for the wounded, and for civilians in and around a war zone. The treaties of 1949 have been ratified, in whole or with reservations, by 194 countries. In fact, this idea goes back to the nineteenth century. In 1862, Henry Dunant published his book, ''Memoirs de Solferino'' ("Memories of Solferino"), on the horrors of war. Dunant's wartime experiences inspired him to propose a permanent relief agency for humanitarian aid in times of war, and a government treaty to guarantee the neutrality of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in a war zone. The former proposal led to the establishment of the Red Cross. The latter led to the First Geneva Convention. For both of these accomplishments, Henry Dunant was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901. However, not all violations of these treaties are treated equally. The most serious crimes are termed grave breaches, and provide a legal definition of a war crime. Grave breaches of the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions (related to the protection of prisoners of war and civilians, respectively) include the following acts, if committed against a person protected by the convention: willful killing, torture or inhumane treatment, such as exposing a person to biological experiments causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, compelling one to serve in the forces of a hostile power, and willfully depriving one of the right to a fair trial. Also, considered grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention are taking of hostages, extensive destruction of property carried out unlawfully and not justified by military necessity, and the unlawful deportation, transfer, or confinement. Although wars have changed since the Geneva Conventions of 1949, these conventions are still considered today the cornerstone of contemporary International Humanitarian Law. They protect fighters in battles, and they also protect civilians in the zone of war. These treaties have played an important role all recent international armed conflicts, including the War in Afghanistan (2001– present), the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the 2008 War in Georgia. Vocabulary Conventions معاهدات Comprise يشمل / يتضمن Rules قواعد Apply يطبق Armed مسلح Conflict نزاع / صراع Seek تسعى Protect يحمى No longer لم يعد Taking part يشارك Wounded جريح Sick مريض Fighters مقاتلون Prisoners of war أسرى حرب Civilians مدنيون Personnel أفراد Consist يتكون من Treaties إتفاقيات Additional إضافى Protocols بروتوكولات Set تضع / تحدد Standards معايير International law القانون الدولى Humanitarian إنسانى Treatment معاملة Victims ضحايا Term مصطلح Agreements إتفاقيات Negotiated تفاوض Include يتضمن Defining يعرف Basic أساسى Rights حقوق Captured يقع في الأسر Military عسكرى Means وسيلة Providing يوفر Zone منطقة Ratified صادق على Reservations تحفظات Goes back to يعود إلى / يرجع إلى Published نشر Memories ذكريات Solferino سلفرينو ( بإيطاليا ) Horrors فظائع Wartime وقت/ زمن الحرب Experiences تجارب / خبرات Inspired ألهم Propose يقترح permanent دائم Relief مساعدة Agency وكالة Aid مساعدة Guarantee يضمن Neutrality حياد allowing تسمح Former السابق Proposal إقتراح Led أدى / قاد إلى Latter اللاحق Accomplishments إنجازات Awarded منح Violations إنتهاكات Serious خطير Grave خطير Breaches إنتهاكات Legal قانونى War crime جرائم حرب Related مرتبط ب Respectively على الترتيب Acts أعمال Committed أرتكب Willful متعمد Torture تعذيب Inhumane لاإنسانى Exposing تعريض Biological بيولوجى Experiments تجارب Causing تحدث / تسبب Suffering معاناة Injury إصابة Compelling إرغام Serve يخدم Forces قوات Hostile معادى Power قوة Depriving حرمان Right حق Fair عادل Trial محاكمة Considered يعتبر Hostages رهائن Extensive واسع/ ممتد Destruction تدمير Property ممتلكات Carried out تنفذ Unlawfully غير قانونى Justified مبرر Necessity ضرورة Deportation إبعاد Transfer نقل Confinement إحتجاز Cornerstone حجر الزاوية Contemporary معاصر Battles معارك Role دور Recent حديث Present الحاضر Invasion غزو Questions 1- What do the Geneva Conventions consist of? The Geneva Conventions consist of four treaties and three additional protocols that set the standards in international law for humanitarian treatment of the victims of war. 2- What do the Geneva Conventions try to do? These conventions try to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in war: for example, wounded or sick fighters, prisoners of war, civilians, medical and religious personnel. 3- What does the term Geneva Conventions refer to? It refers to the agreements of 1949, negotiated after of World War II, that include article defining the basic rights of those captured during a military conflict, means of providing protection for the wounded, and for civilians in and around a war zone. 4- How many countries ratified the treaties of 1949? 194 countries ratified the treaties of 1949. 5- How did Dunant's wartime experiences affect him? 6- His wartime experiences inspired him to propose a permanent relief agency for humanitarian aid in times of war, and a government treaty to guarantee the neutrality of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in a war zone. 6-How was Dunant rewarded كوفئ for his efforts? Dunant was rewarded by receiving استلامthe first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901. ج 7- Mention two examples of grave breaches that are considered war crimes. War crimes include willful killing, torture or inhumane treatment of civilians or prisoners of war, such as exposing them to biological experiments causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, compelling them to serve in the forces of a hostile power, and willfully depriving them of the right to a fair trial. 8- Why are the Geneva Conventions still important today? They are still important today because they help to protect fighters in battles, and they also protect civilians in the zone of war. 9- Mention two recent wars in which the Geneva Conventions played an important role. The Geneva Conventions played an important role in the War in Afghanistan (2001– present), the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the 2008 War in Georgia. 10- Use each of the following words in a sentence of your own: Prisoners of war – civilians – hostages – war crimes ج ٭Prisoners of war should be treated humanely. ٭In wars, civilians as well as soldiers may get killed or injured. ٭Taking hostages is illegal. ٭Those who commit war crimes should be punished.