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بص ياجمييل هى الماده دى تعتبر اسهل ماده لأن الأجابه بتبقى قدامك فى القطعه وكمان الدكتوره سهلت علينا كتيير وحددت بس 5 دروس ممكن يجى منهم درس او اتنين بس اما بالنسبه للأمتحان انت ذاكر الدروس المقرره وافهم القطع بتتكلم عن ايه وكلماتها واسئلتها وهتلاقى الأسئله فى الأمتحان متشابهه جدا مع اللى ذاكرته ده لو الأسئله مجتش بالنص اللى بتكون خاصه بالقطعه وانا بقولك كده عشان شفت امتحانات السنين اللى فاتت وكلهم كانوا بنفس النظام وتقريبا هيبقى الأمتحان قطعتين او قطعه واحده وربنا بقى يدبر بس انت اعمل اللى عليك والباقى على ربنا

Defining يعرف Basic أساسي Rights حقوق Captured يقع في الأسر Military عسكري Means وسيلة Providing يوفر Zone منطقة Ratified صادق على Reservations تحفظات Goes back to يعود إلى / يرجع إلى Published نشر Memories ذكريات Solferino سلفرينو ( بإيطاليا ) Horrors فظائع Wartime وقت/ زمن الحرب Experiences تجارب / خبرات Inspired ألهم Propose يقترح permanent دائم Relief مساعدة Agency وكالة Aid مساعدة Guarantee يضمن Neutrality حياد allowing تسمح Former السابق Proposal إقتراح Led أدى / قاد إلى Latter اللاحق Accomplishments إنجازات Awarded منح Violations إنتهاكات Serious خطير Grave خطير Breaches إنتهاكات Legal قانونى War crime جرائم حرب Related مرتبط ب Respectively على الترتيب Acts أعمال Committed أرتكب Willful متعمد Torture تعذيب Inhumane لاإنسانى Exposing تعريض Biological بيولوجى Experiments تجارب Causing تحدث / تسبب Suffering معاناة Injury إصابة Compelling إرغام Serve يخدم Forces قوات Hostile معادى Power قوة Depriving حرمان Right حق Fair عادل Trial محاكمة Considered يعتبر Hostages رهائن Extensive واسع/ ممتد Destruction تدمير Property ممتلكات Carried out تنفذ Unlawfully غير قانونى Justified مبرر Necessity ضرورة Deportation إبعاد Transfer نقل Confinement إحتجاز Cornerstone حجر الزاوية Contemporary معاصر Battles معارك Role دور Recent حديث Present الحاضر Invasion غزو Questions 1-What do the Geneva Conventions consist of? The Geneva Conventions consist of four treaties and three additional protocols that set the standards in international law for humanitarian treatment of the victims of war. 2-What do the Geneva Conventions try to do? These conventions try to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in war: for example, wounded or sick fighters, prisoners of war, civilians, medical and religious personnel. 3-What does the term Geneva Conventions refer to? It refers to the agreements of 1949, negotiated after of World War II, that include article defining the basic rights of those captured during a military conflict, means of providing protection for the wounded, and for civilians in and around a war zone. 4-How many countries ratified the treaties of 1949? 194 countries ratified the treaties of 1949. 5-How did Dunant's wartime experiences affect him? His wartime experiences inspired him to propose a permanent relief agency for humanitarian aid in times of war, and a government treaty to guarantee the neutrality of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in a war zone. 6-How was Dunant rewarded كوفئ for his efforts? Dunant was rewarded by receiving استلام the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901. 7-Mention two examples of grave breaches that are considered war crimes. War crimes include willful killing, torture or inhumane treatment of civilians or prisoners of war, such as exposing them to biological experiments causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, compelling them to serve in the forces of a hostile power, and willfully depriving them of the right to a fair trial. 8-Why are the Geneva Conventions still important today? They are still important today because they help to protect fighters in battles, and they also protect civilians in the zone of war. 9-Mention two recent wars in which the Geneva Conventions played an important role. The Geneva Conventions played an important role in the War in Afghanistan (2001– present), the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the 2008 War in Georgia. 10-Use each of the following words in a sentence of your own: Prisoners of war – civilians – hostages – war crimes ٭Prisoners of war should be treated humanely. ٭In wars, civilians as well as soldiers may get killed or injured. ٭Taking hostages is illegal. ٭Those who commit war crimes should be punished.

وده تانى درس بس معلش هو كبير شويه فهجيبها على جزئين Revision I) Read the following passage and answer the questions below: The Geneva Conventions comprise rules that apply in times of armed conflict. They seek to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in war: for example, wounded or sick fighters, prisoners of war, civilians, medical and religious personnel. The Geneva Conventions consist of four treaties and three additional protocols that set the standards in international law for humanitarian treatment of the victims of war. However, the term Geneva Conventions refers to the agreements of 1949, negotiated after of World War II, that include article defining the basic rights of those captured during a military conflict, means of providing protection for the wounded, and for civilians in and around a war zone. The treaties of 1949 have been ratified, in whole or with reservations, by 194 countries. In fact, this idea goes back to the nineteenth century. In 1862, Henry Dunant published his book, ''Memoirs de Solferino'' ("Memories of Solferino"), on the horrors of war. Dunant's wartime experiences inspired him to propose a permanent relief agency for humanitarian aid in times of war, and a government treaty to guarantee the neutrality of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in a war zone. The former proposal led to the establishment of the Red Cross. The latter led to the First Geneva Convention. For both of these accomplishments, Henry Dunant was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901. However, not all violations of these treaties are treated equally. The most serious crimes are termed grave breaches, and provide a legal definition of a war crime. Grave breaches of the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions (related to the protection of prisoners of war and civilians respectively) include the following acts, if committed against a person protected by the convention: willful killing, torture or inhumane treatment, such as exposing a person to biological experiments causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, compelling one to serve in the forces of a hostile power, and willfully depriving one of the right to a fair trial. Also, considered grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention are taking of hostages, extensive destruction of property carried out unlawfully and not justified by military necessity, and the unlawful deportation, transfer, or confinement. Although wars have changed since the Geneva Conventions of 1949, these conventions are still considered today the cornerstone of contemporary International Humanitarian Law. They protect fighters in battles, and they also protect civilians in the zone of war. These treaties have played an important role all recent international armed conflicts, including the War in Afghanistan (2001– present), the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the 2008 War in Georgia. Vocabulary Conventions معاهدات Comprise يشمل / يتضمن Rules قواعد Apply يطبق Armed مسلح Conflict نزاع / صراع Seek تسعى Protect يحمى No longer لم يعد Taking part يشارك Wounded جريح Sick مريض Fighters مقاتلون Prisoners of war أسرى حرب Civilians مدنيون Personnel أفراد Consist يتكون من Treaties إتفاقيات Additional إضافى Protocols بروتوكولات Set تضع / تحدد Standards معايير International law القانون الدولي Humanitarian إنساني Treatment معاملة Victims ضحايا Term مصطلح Agreements إتفاقيات Negotiated تفاوض Include يتضمن

ودول الدرسين اللى قولت عليهم الدكتوره وزعتهم علينا فى المحاضره ده اول واحد Revision I) Read the following passage and answer the questions below: Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but he became a millionaire; a scientist with a love for literature; an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although he was cheerful in company, he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or a family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but he saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure people. During his useful life, he often felt that he was useless. World-famous for his inventions, he was never personally well-known, for throughout his life, he avoided publicity, but since his death, his name has brought fame and glory to others. In fact, Nobel's main concern was never with making money, or even with making scientific discoveries. He was always searching for a meaning to life, and, from his youth, he had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. Perhaps because he could not find ordinary human love, he came to care deeply about the whole of mankind. He was always generous to the poor. His greatest wish was to see an end to wars and, thus, peace between nations. He spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896. his famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding achievements in physics, medicine, literature, and peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. Vocabulary Swedish سويدى Inventor مخترع Industrialist رجل صناعة Contrasts متناقضات Bankrupt مفلس Millionaire مليونير Scientist عالم Literature الأدب Managed نجح Remain بقى Idealist مثالى Fortune ثروة Simple بسيط Cheerful مرح Company الصحبة Sad حزين private عزلة Mankind الجنس البشرى Patriotic وطني Native land الوطن الأم Foreign أجنبي Soil تراب Invented اخترع Explosive متفجرات Dynamite الديناميت Improve يحسن/ يطور Peacetime وقت السلم Industries صناعات Mining التعدين Road building بناء / شق الطرق Weapon سلاح Injure يصيب Useless بلا فائدة Famous مشهور Well-known معروف Throughout علي مدي / طوال Avoided تجنب Publicity الدعاية Fame الشهرة Glory المجد Main أساسي / رئيسي Concern انشغال Discoveries اكتشافات Youth شباب Serious جاد Interest اهتمام Philosophy فلسفة Care عناية Deeply بعمق Generous كريم Wish أمنية Nations الأمم Cause قضية Will وصية Provide يقدم Prizes جوائز Outstanding بارز/ مميز Physics الفيزياء Chemistry الكيمياء Medicine الطب Memorial تذكار Ideals مثاليات 1- What is the main idea of the first paragraph? The main idea of the first paragraph is that Alfred Nobel was a man of contrasts. 2-What nationality was Alfred Nobel? Alfred Nobel was Swedish. 3-Why was Nobel considered يعتبر a man of many contrasts? Nobel was considered a man of many contrasts because his life and character contained احتوت many contradictions. متناقضات For example, he became a millionaire although his father was a bankrupt. Also, he was a scientist who loved literature. He was cheerful with others, but sad alone. 4-What did Nobel invent? He invented a new explosive, dynamite. 5-What was this invention meant to improve? It was meant to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building. 6-What was it actually used for? It was actually used as weapon of war to kill and injure people. 7-What is the main idea of the second paragraph? The main idea of the second paragraph is Nobel's character and interests. 8-What was Nobel always searching for? He was always searching for a meaning to life. 9-What was he seriously interested in since his youth? Since his youth, he was seriously interested in literature and philosophy. 10-What was Nobel's greatest wish? His greatest wish was to see an end to wars and, thus, peace between countries. 11-When did Nobel die? Nobel died in 1896. 12-How has Nobel's name brought fame and glory to others after his death? After his death, name brought fame and glory to others who were awarded منحوا Nobel Prizes. 13-Name two Egyptian figures شخصيتين who were awarded Nobel Prizes. Among those who were awarded Nobel Prizes were Naguib Mahfouz, Ahmed Zoweil, and President Anwar El Sadat. 14-Use each of the following words in a sentence of your own. inventors – fame – concern – outstanding ٭Inventors help to improve our life and make it easier. ٭Most artists are anxious for fame. ٭Her concern for others has won her the love of everyone around her. ٭Shakespeare was an outstanding writer.

ميرسى عالمعلومات وان شاء الله هعمل كده

ميرسى ياجميله على الترجمه بجد متشكره ليكى جدا وانا بصراحه فى بس بعض المصطلحات اللى مكنتش عارفه اترجمها وانتى وضحتهالى واكدتيلى على ترجمتى الأولى فبجد شكرا اوى ليكى

العفو ياجماعه انا معملتش حاجه وشكرا بجد على الردود الحلوه دى وياريت يا احمد اللى تعرفه ملغى تقولنا عليه عشان يسهل معانا المذاكره شويه واى حد يعرف اى حاجه عن الماده دى يقولنا وميرسى ليكوا مره تانى

انا كنت من بدرى عايزه اعرف المقرر علينا بالنسبه لأول ترم والكل مرتبك وكده ولما عرفته حبيت اقوله للناس عشان الكل يستفاد مادة النحو 111 كل الكتاب لحد درس الحال ده مقرر وكل الدروس بعد كده ملغى المادة الثقافيه 115 هم 4 دروس بس الدرس الأول Ancient England والرابع 410- 43 Roman Invasion AD والخامس Anglo-Saxon England والسادس Anglo-Normans كلهم موجودين فى الكتاب مادة الترجمة 114 الكتور قال عليها ان كل الكتاب مقرر لأن دى تعتمد على حفظ الكلمات مادة القراءه والفهم 112 دى ملغبطه شويه هى قالت فى درسين من الكتاب اللى هم اول درس فى الجزء الأول fictional story telling ورابع درس فى الجزء التانى general behaviour وفى درسين فى ورق هى جابته لينا فى المحاضره وده ممكن تطلبوه منها وانا هحاول اكتبهم للى يعوزهم وهم درس عن The Geneva Conventions ودرس عن Alfred Nobel واخر درس قالت عليه انه مقرر موجود فى المحاضرات فى المحاضرة التانية صفحة 9 اسمه Democracy وهو موجود برضه فى السى دى فى المحاضرة التانية اما اخر مادة وهى الجرامر 113 انا اسفه بصراحه مقدرتش اعرف ايه بالظبط المقرر وياريت لو اى حد عرف يقولنا ويبقى جزاه الله كل خير واتمنى يكون الكل استفاد من الموضوع

لو سمحتوا ممكن حد يترجملى القطعه دى هى موجوده فى الترم الأول فى ماده القراءه والفهم 112 بس بلييز حد يترجمها عشان محتاجاها ضرورى وشكرا مقدما للترجمه GENERAL BEHAVIOUR One's standard of behaviour, in private as well as in public, should invariably be of a high order. It should have its foundation in the personal quality of being courteously disposed, and not merely in the expedient implied in the saying that "good manners pay". The saying is nearly always true of course, but on those rare occasions when it is not, happiness or at least serenity is best served by the exercise of gentleness and tact. The following notes, all of them somewhat obvious, are included here for the sake of completeness – Any service or courtesy rendered by others at any time should be acknowledged by a smile and a thank you. It is better to say ''thank you" too often than too seldom. Loud conversation and, as far as possible, loud laughter should be avoided. A smile is always better than a frown; a pleasant expression always better than a disagreeable one. If one is ill or indisposed, the fact should be kept to oneself, except for purposes of medical attention. The fact of a recent indisposition may be mentioned briefly to account for, say, non-acceptance of an invitation; the details of the indisposition should never be described. All 'disturbing happenings should be faced calmly, and one should never lose one's temper. Unwitting discourtesy should be ignored; deliberate discourtesy should be dealt with by present silence and future avoidance of the offender - any sharp reaction or attempt at rebuke would only result in a scene. Care should be taken never to show resentment or disgust, or to say or do anything which experience suggests may cause discomfort to or hurt anyone else, present or absent. While as a general Principle one should always speak the truth, the practice is of little value in social life if it causes embarrassment or unhappiness. Silence is usually to be preferred, but where even silence would be upsetting, then the “white lie " must be spoken. One's private concerns are never mentioned in general company. One does not talk overmuch about oneself; and not at all but one's achievements unless specifically invited. Arlton Wallace The Pocket Book of Etiquette