كنت ماشية كويس وبعدين الدنيا خربت

[منار عصام الدين 0]

مادة 322 semantics and syntax انا كنت ماشية كويس في المادة دى طول ما كان في شرح في الموقع على النت شرح من الدكتورة ريم بس للاسف الشرح بس محاضرتين فانا فهمتهم بس بعد كدة مش فاهمة ولا شئ الدرس الي مش مستوعباة اسمه ambiguity unit 6 والمحاضرات ما فيهاش غير الوحدة الاولى والوحدة الثالثة فاممكن حد يساعدني في دة لو سامحتوا وكمان يا ريت تقولولي ايه الملغي وايه المقرر في المادة دى :confused: ربنا يخليكوا:| :|

[Hamdy Tawfik-manar9 0]

ambiguity may be
phonological, lexical, structural, or metaphorical.


Phonological Ambiguity→ tail / tale


It was such a long tale.


It was such a long tail.


In pronunciation,
hearers would hear the same sounds / teil / and therefore wouldn't know which
meaning unless in a context. Remember that phonological ambiguity is
only apparent in spoken language.


Lexical Ambiguity:


A sentence has two meanings because one word in it has two separate
meanings.


Ex: bear (v.)


''She
cannot bear children''


It either means that she cannot give birth or that she can't tolerate
[cannot stand] children.


The
verb ''bear'' has two meanings and therefore this sentence is ambiguous.


Structural Ambiguity


A sentence has two meanings because its structure may have
two possible underlying structures.


The English history
teacher has been promoted''.


This sentence is ambiguous because its underlying
structure gives two possible meanings.


The structure of ''The English history
teacher'' makes the sentence ambiguous:


The teacher could be teaching the history of England →the adjective "English" modifies the noun history.


The second meaning is that the teacher's nationality
is British and he teaches history (of any nation). ''English'' in this sense
modifies ''teacher''.


Example: ''Shooting soldiers can be brutal ''.


This sentence is ambiguous (structural
ambiguity).


The word ''shooting '' could be a noun meaning that
the act of shooting soldiers is a brutal act. So the adjective “brutal”
describes the noun “shooting” of the soldiers.


The second meaning is that
''shooting'' could be a modifier (adjective) to the subject noun ''soldiers''
meaning that those soldiers are brutal because they shoot people. So “shooting”
in this case is not a noun but it is an adjective describing “soldiers”

i.e.(Soldiers who shoot people are brutal).


C)
Metaphorical Ambiguity:


The use of metaphor produces two meanings:


Example:
''That doctor is a butcher''.

It could
mean that this doctor operates unnecessarily and cuts too much in the human
body when doing a surgery.

The second meaning is that he has a part time job of a
butcher. Though this second meaning is less likely, yet it is possible.

[Hamdy Tawfik-manar9 0]

solved examples

The chicken is ready to eat.

Structural ambiguity.

This sentence is ambiguous because it has two possible meanings: The chicken is ''subject'',

it is ready to eat.

The chicken is ''object'';

it is ready to be eaten by someone.

He greeted the girl with a smile.


Structural ambiguity.


This sentence has two meanings:


''With a smile'' modifies the subject ''He'', so he

greeted the girl by giving her a smile.


''With a smile'' modifies ''the girl', he

greeted the girl who has a smile.


He worked as a conductor.

This sentence is ambiguous:


-Lexical ambiguity:

He works as a music conductor.

He works as a bus conductor.

Fred said he would visit us on Thursday.

This sentence is ambiguous.

-Structural ambiguity:


Fred said this sentence ''I would visit you'' on

Thursday. So ''Thursday'' modifies the verb ''said''.


Fred said: ''I would visit you on Thursday''.

''Thursday'' modifies the verb ''visit''. Fred

is going to visit us on Thursday.

He had decided on the bus.

This sentence is ambiguous:

Structural ambiguity:


He decided to take the bus


He made/ took a decision
while he was on the
bus

Visiting delegates can
be interesting

This sentence is ambiguous.
The type of ambiguity here is structural. The structure of this sentence
gives the sentence two possible meanings.


First meaning is that
the delegates who are visiting us are interesting. The delegates is the noun
described by two adjectives “visiting, interesting”


Second meaning is that when we visit those delegates we feel interested,
so their visit is interesting. “Visiting” here is a noun, not an adjective as
in the first meaning, described with the adjective “interesting”: their visit
is interesting.


He waited by the bank.


This sentence is
ambiguous. The type of ambiguity here is lexical. The word “bank” has
two different meanings, which gives the sentence two different meanings.


First
meaning is that he waited by the financial institution, a ‘bank’.


Second
meaning is that he waited by the river shore, river bank.



A- I observed John in the garden:


a) John was in the garden when I
observed him ( “ in the garden” describes the place of John).


b) I was in the garden while
observing John. ( “ in the garden” describes the place of I )


B- Visiting relatives can be boring



a) “Visiting” is a noun. The
visiting of the relatives is boring. “ boring” describes the noun visiting.


b)
“Visiting” is an adjective describing “relatives”. These relatives are boring
because they do a lot of visiting. “boring” describes the noun relatives.


1- Is he really that kind?


This sentence is ambiguous. The
type of ambiguity here is lexical, because the word " kind" has two
meanings.


" that type?" here
pronoun demonstrative " that"

that generous" here "that" is a degree adverb meaning very


Cinderella watched the colorful ball.


This sentence is ambiguous because
the word " ball" has two meanings:


ball =
a round object to play with.


ball =
a dancing party so here we have lexical ambiguity

[منار عصام الدين 0]

انا متشكرة جدا يا اخ حمدي ربنا يكرمك وينجحك ويوسع في رزقك

[Hamdy Tawfik-manar9 0]

شكرا اختنا الكريمة منار

ويمكنك الرجوع لتك المواضيع من التيرم الماضي لبعض المواضيع التي تتعلق بهذه المادة

علم اللغة{التراكيب والدلالة}باللغة الانجليزية

Complex Transitive Verbs

Speech Acts

Draw syntactic tree

سؤال في 322


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[Hamdy Tawfik-manar9 0]

ارجو زيارة الموضوع التالي وتحميل مابه

من ملخصات لتلك المادة

احفظيها وافهميها وان شاء الله تضمني امتياز

وخلي بالك الفهم مهم جدا في تلك المادة

/montada-f26/topic-t883.htm#4999


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